1 files changed, 694 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/UperEncoder.java b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/UperEncoder.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9c2f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/gcdc/asn1/uper/UperEncoder.java
@@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
+package net.gcdc.asn1.uper;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
+import java.lang.reflect.Field;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Map.Entry;
+
+import logger.Logger;
+import logger.LoggerFactory;
+
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Default;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.Asn1Optional;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.HasExtensionMarker;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IntRange;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.IsExtension;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.NoAsn1Field;
+import net.gcdc.asn1.datatypes.SizeRange;
+
+
+
+/** A "quick-and-dirty" implementation of ASN.1 encoder for UPER (Unaligned Packed Encoding Rules).
+ *
+ * @see ITU-T Recommendation <a
+ *      href="http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/recommendations/rec.aspx?rec=x.691">X.691</a>
+ *
+ *      TODO: Cover the rest of (useful) ASN.1 datatypes and PER-visible constraints,
+ *      write unit tests for them. Clean-up, do more refactoring.
+ **/
+public final class UperEncoder {
+    public final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger("asnLogger");
+
+    private final static int NUM_16K = 16384;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private final static int NUM_32K = 32768;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private final static int NUM_48K = 49152;
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    private final static int NUM_64K = 65536;
+    
+    private UperEncoder(){}
+
+    public static <T> byte[] encode(T obj)
+            throws IllegalArgumentException, UnsupportedOperationException {
+        try {
+            BitBuffer bitbuffer = ByteBitBuffer.createInfinite();
+            encode2(bitbuffer, obj, new Annotation[] {});
+            bitbuffer.flip();
+            byte[] result = Arrays.copyOf(bitbuffer.array(), (bitbuffer.limit() + 7) / 8);
+            return result;
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't encode " + obj.getClass().getName() + ": " + e, e);
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't encode " + obj.getClass().getName() + ":" + e.getMessage(), e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    public static <T> T decode(byte[] bytes, Class<T> classOfT) throws IllegalArgumentException,
+    UnsupportedOperationException {
+    		BitBuffer bitQueue = bitBufferFromBinaryString(binaryStringFromBytes(bytes));
+    		T result = decodeAny(bitQueue, classOfT,null, new Annotation[] {});
+    		if (bitQueue.remaining() > 7) {
+    				throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't fully decode "
+    						+ classOfT.getName() + ", got (" + result.getClass().getName() + "): " + result
+    						+ "; remaining " + bitQueue.remaining() + "  bits: " + bitQueue);
+    		}
+    		return result;
+    }
+
+    public static <T> T decode(byte[] bytes, Class<T> classOfT, Field f) throws IllegalArgumentException,
+            UnsupportedOperationException {
+        BitBuffer bitQueue = bitBufferFromBinaryString(binaryStringFromBytes(bytes));
+        T result = decodeAny(bitQueue, classOfT, f, new Annotation[] {});
+        if (bitQueue.remaining() > 7) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't fully decode "
+                + classOfT.getName() + ", got (" + result.getClass().getName() + "): " + result
+                + "; remaining " + bitQueue.remaining() + "  bits: " + bitQueue);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+    static <T> void encode2(BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        for (Encoder e : encoders) {
+            if (e.canEncode(obj, extraAnnotations)) {
+                e.encode(bitbuffer, obj, extraAnnotations);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug(String.format("Can't find encoder for %s",obj.getClass().getSimpleName()));
+        
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't find encoder for " + obj.getClass().getName()
+                + " with extra annotations " + Arrays.asList(extraAnnotations));
+    }
+
+    static <T> T decodeAny(BitBuffer bitbuffer,Class<T> classOfT, Field f, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+    	   	
+        logger.debug(String.format(String.format("Decoding classOfT : %s",classOfT.getCanonicalName())));
+        
+        for (Decoder e : decoders) {
+            if (e.canDecode(classOfT, extraAnnotations)) {
+                return e.decode(bitbuffer, classOfT,f, extraAnnotations);
+            }
+        }
+        
+        logger.debug(String.format("Can't find decoder for %s",classOfT.getSimpleName()));
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't find decoder for " + classOfT.getName()
+                + " with extra annotations " + Arrays.asList(extraAnnotations));
+     }
+    
+    static <T> T getDefault(Class<T> classOfT, Annotation[] annotations) {
+		AnnotationStore annots = new AnnotationStore(classOfT.getAnnotations(), annotations);
+        Asn1Default defaultAnnotation = annots.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class);
+               
+        if (defaultAnnotation == null){
+        	return null;
+        }
+        
+        Annotation[] defaultAnnots = new Annotation[] {defaultAnnotation};
+        
+        for (Decoder e : decoders) {
+            if (e.canDecode(classOfT, defaultAnnots)) {
+                return e.getDefault(classOfT, defaultAnnots);
+            }
+        }
+        logger.debug(String.format("Can't find decoder for %s",classOfT.getSimpleName()));
+
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't find default for " + classOfT.getName()
+                + " with extra annotations " + defaultAnnotation.toString());
+     }
+
+    static IntRange newRange(
+            final long minValue,
+            final long maxValue,
+            final boolean hasExtensionMarker) {
+    	
+        return new IntRange() {
+            @Override public Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType() {
+                return IntRange.class;
+            }
+            @Override public long minValue() { return minValue; }
+            @Override public long maxValue() { return maxValue; }
+            @Override public boolean hasExtensionMarker() { return hasExtensionMarker; }
+        };
+    }
+
+    static IntRange intRangeFromSizeRange(SizeRange sizeRange) {
+        return newRange(sizeRange.minValue(), sizeRange.maxValue(), sizeRange.hasExtensionMarker());
+    }
+
+    private static List<Encoder> encoders = new ArrayList<>();
+    private static List<Decoder> decoders = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    static {
+        encoders.add(new IntCoder());
+        //encoders.add(new BigIntCoder());
+        encoders.add(new ByteCoder());
+        encoders.add(new BooleanCoder());
+        encoders.add(new SequenceCoder());
+        encoders.add(new ChoiceCoder());
+        encoders.add(new EnumCoder());
+        encoders.add(new BitStringCoder());
+        encoders.add(new SeqOfCoder());
+        encoders.add(new StringCoder());
+
+        decoders.add(new IntCoder());
+        //decoders.add(new BigIntCoder());
+        decoders.add(new ByteCoder());
+        decoders.add(new BooleanCoder());
+        decoders.add(new SequenceCoder());
+        decoders.add(new ChoiceCoder());
+        decoders.add(new EnumCoder());
+        decoders.add(new BitStringCoder());
+        decoders.add(new SeqOfCoder());
+        decoders.add(new StringCoder());
+
+    }
+
+
+    static <T> void encodeAsOpenType(
+            BitBuffer bitbuffer, T obj, Annotation[] extraAnnotations)
+            throws IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException, Asn1EncodingException {
+        logger.debug(String.format("OPEN TYPE for {%s}. Encoding preceedes length determinant" ,obj != null ? obj.getClass().getSimpleName() : "null"));
+        BitBuffer tmpbuffer = ByteBitBuffer.createInfinite();
+        encode2(tmpbuffer, obj, extraAnnotations);
+        int numBytes = (tmpbuffer.position() + 7) / 8;
+        logger.debug(String.format("Encoding open type length determinant (%d) for %s (will be inserted before the open type content)", numBytes, obj != null ? obj.getClass().getName() : "null" ));
+        try {
+            encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, numBytes);
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length of open type ", e);
+        }
+        tmpbuffer.flip();
+        for (int i = 0; i < tmpbuffer.limit(); i++) {
+            bitbuffer.put(tmpbuffer.get());
+        }
+        //CG padding bits to fill the byte: Open Types are wrapped in an OCTET STRING
+        int paddingBits = numBytes*8 - tmpbuffer.limit();
+        for (int i = 0; i < paddingBits; i++) {
+            bitbuffer.put(false);
+        }        
+        
+    }
+
+    static <T> T decodeAsOpenType(BitBuffer bitbuffer, Class<T> classOfT,Field f, Annotation[] extraAnnotations) {
+        logger.debug(String.format("OPEN TYPE for %s. Encoding preceedes length determinant", classOfT != null ? classOfT.getName() : "null"));
+        long numBytes = decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        BitBuffer openTypeBitBuffer = ByteBitBuffer.allocate((int)numBytes * 8);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBytes * 8; i++) {
+            openTypeBitBuffer.put(bitbuffer.get());
+        }
+        openTypeBitBuffer.flip();
+        if (classOfT != null) {
+            T result = decodeAny(openTypeBitBuffer, classOfT, f, extraAnnotations);
+            // Assert that padding bits are all 0.
+            logger.debug(String.format("open type had padding bits"));
+            for (int i = 0; i < openTypeBitBuffer.remaining(); i++) {
+                boolean paddingBit = openTypeBitBuffer.get();
+                logger.debug(String.format("padding bit %d was <%s>", i, paddingBit ? "1" : "0"));
+                if (paddingBit) { 
+                	throw new IllegalArgumentException("non-zero padding bit " + i + " for open type " + classOfT.getSimpleName()); }
+            }
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    /*
+     * skip an unknown extension element
+     *  - decode length
+     *  - skip the bytes according to the length
+     */
+    static void decodeSkipUnknownElement(BitBuffer bitbuffer, String name) {
+    	logger.debug(String.format("Skip unknown extension in %s. Encoding preceedes length determinant", name));
+        long numBytes = decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        for (int i = 0; i < numBytes * 8; i++) {
+            bitbuffer.get();
+        }
+    	logger.debug(String.format(String.format("Skiped %d bytes", numBytes)));
+    }
+
+    static <T> boolean hasNonNullExtensions(
+            T obj, Asn1ContainerFieldSorter sorter)
+                    throws IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException {
+        for (Field f : sorter.extensionFields) {
+        	//CG elements with default value will not be not included
+            if (f.get(obj) != null && !isDefault(f,f.get(obj)) ) { 
+            	return true; 
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static <T> Constructor<T> findConsturctor(Class<T> classOfT, Object... parameters) {
+        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+        Constructor<T>[] declaredConstructors = (Constructor<T>[]) classOfT
+                .getDeclaredConstructors();
+        for (Constructor<T> c : declaredConstructors) {
+            Class<?>[] parameterTypes = c.getParameterTypes();
+            if (parameterTypes.length == parameters.length) {
+                boolean constructorIsOk = true;
+                for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+                    if (!parameterTypes[i].isAssignableFrom(parameters[i].getClass())) {
+                        constructorIsOk = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (constructorIsOk) { return c; }
+            }
+        }
+        Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class<?>[parameters.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+            parameterTypes[i] = parameters[i].getClass();
+        }
+        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't get the " + parameters.length +
+                "-argument constructor for parameter(s) "
+                + Arrays.asList(parameters) +
+                " of type(s) " + Arrays.asList(parameterTypes) + " for class "
+                + classOfT.getName() + " (" + classOfT.getClass().getName() + " or " + Arrays.asList(classOfT.getClasses()) + ")" +
+                ", all constructors: " + Arrays.asList(classOfT.getDeclaredConstructors()));
+    }
+
+    /** Instantiate a given class T using given parameters. */
+    static <T> T instantiate(Class<T> classOfT, Object... parameters) {
+        Class<?>[] parameterTypes = new Class<?>[parameters.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
+            parameterTypes[i] = parameters[i].getClass();
+        }
+        Constructor<T> constructor = findConsturctor(classOfT, parameters);
+        boolean constructorIsAccessible = constructor.isAccessible();
+        constructor.setAccessible(true);
+        T result;
+        try {
+            result = constructor.newInstance(parameters);
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException | InvocationTargetException | InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException e) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Can't instantiate " + classOfT.getName(), e);
+        }
+        constructor.setAccessible(constructorIsAccessible);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    static long decodeConstrainedInt(BitBuffer bitqueue, IntRange intRange) {
+        long lowerBound = intRange.minValue();
+        long upperBound = intRange.maxValue();
+        boolean hasExtensionMarker = intRange.hasExtensionMarker();
+        if (upperBound < lowerBound) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Lower bound " + lowerBound + " is larger that upper bound " + upperBound);
+        }
+        if (hasExtensionMarker) {
+            boolean extensionIsActive = bitqueue.get();
+            if (extensionIsActive) {
+            	//in extensions are encoded as uncontraint integers, thius an Asn1BigInteger type should be used(a lower range bound might be applied). 
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("int extension are not supported yet");
+            }
+        }
+        final Long range = upperBound - lowerBound + 1;
+        if (range == 1) {
+            return lowerBound;
+        }
+        int bitlength = BigInteger.valueOf(range - 1).bitLength();
+        logger.debug(String.format("This int will require %d bits, available %d" , bitlength, bitqueue.remaining()));
+        BitBuffer relevantBits = ByteBitBuffer.allocate( ((bitlength + 7) / 8) * 8);  // Full bytes.
+        int numPaddingBits = (8 - (bitlength % 8)) % 8;  // Leading padding 0-bits.
+        for (int i = 0; i < numPaddingBits; i++) {
+            relevantBits.put(false);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < bitlength; i++) {
+            relevantBits.put(bitqueue.get());
+        }
+        relevantBits.flip();
+        final BigInteger big = new BigInteger(+1, relevantBits.array());
+        final Long result = lowerBound + big.longValue();
+        logger.debug(String.format("bits %s decoded as %d plus lower bound %d  give %d",
+                relevantBits.toBooleanStringFromPosition(0), big.longValue(), lowerBound, result));
+        if ((result < intRange.minValue() || intRange.maxValue() < result)
+                && !intRange.hasExtensionMarker()) {
+            throw new AssertionError("Decoded value "
+                + result + " is outside of range (" + intRange.minValue() + ".."
+                + intRange.maxValue() + ")");
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    
+    //CG Begin
+    static boolean isDefault(Field f, Object obj) {
+    	
+        if (f.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class) != null) {
+        	String value = f.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class).value();
+        	if (obj.toString().equals(value)){
+        		return true;
+        	}
+        }
+        return false;
+    	
+    }
+    
+   
+	public static boolean isNotAsn1(Field f) {
+        return (f.getAnnotation(NoAsn1Field.class) != null);
+	}    
+    //CG End
+
+
+    static boolean hasExtensionMarker(AnnotationStore annotations) {
+        return annotations.getAnnotation(HasExtensionMarker.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isExtension(Field f) {
+        return f.getAnnotation(IsExtension.class) != null;
+    }
+
+    static boolean isMandatory(Field f) {
+        return !isOptional(f);
+    }
+
+    static boolean isOptional(Field f) {
+    	//CG elements with default value are treated as optional as they are not encoded in case of the default value
+        if (f.getAnnotation(Asn1Optional.class) != null || 
+        	f.getAnnotation(Asn1Default.class) != null) {
+        	return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static class Asn1ContainerFieldSorter {
+        /** "Outside extension root" */
+        List<Field> extensionFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> optionalExtensionFields = new ArrayList<>();        
+        List<Field> mandatoryExtensionField = new ArrayList<>();        
+        /** "Within extension root" */
+        List<Field> ordinaryFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> mandatoryOrdinaryFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> optionalOrdinaryFields = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Field> allFields = new ArrayList<>();  // Excluding test instrumentation.
+
+        Map<Field, Boolean> originalAccess = new HashMap<>();
+
+        Asn1ContainerFieldSorter(Class<?> type) {
+            for (Field f : type.getDeclaredFields()) {
+                if (isTestInstrumentation(f) || isNonAsn1Field(f) ) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                originalAccess.put(f, f.isAccessible());
+                f.setAccessible(true);
+                if (isExtension(f)) {
+                    extensionFields.add(f);
+                    if (isOptional(f)) {
+                    	optionalExtensionFields.add(f);
+                    } else {
+                    	mandatoryExtensionField.add(f);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    ordinaryFields.add(f);
+                }
+                allFields.add(f);
+            }
+            for (Field f : ordinaryFields) {
+                if (isMandatory(f)) {
+                    mandatoryOrdinaryFields.add(f);
+                } else {
+                    optionalOrdinaryFields.add(f);
+                } 
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void revertAccess() {
+            for (Entry<Field, Boolean> entry : originalAccess.entrySet()) {
+                entry.getKey().setAccessible(entry.getValue());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static boolean isTestInstrumentation(Field f) {
+        return f.getName().startsWith("$");
+    }
+    
+    static boolean isNonAsn1Field(Field f) {
+        if (f.getAnnotation(NoAsn1Field.class) != null) {
+        	return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static void encodeLengthOfBitmask(BitBuffer bitbuffer, int n) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        try {
+            if (n <= 63) {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %d <= 63 indicated as bit <0>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 1, 63);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %s > 63 indicated as bit <1>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(true);
+                encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, n);
+                return;
+            }
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length of bitmask ", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static void encodeSmallInt(BitBuffer bitbuffer, int n) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        try {
+            if (n <= 63) {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %d <= 63 indicated as bit <0>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 0, 63);
+                return;
+            } else {
+                logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length %s > 63 indicated as bit <1>", n));
+                bitbuffer.put(true);
+                encodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer, n);
+                return;
+            }
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length of bitmask ", e);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static void encodeLengthDeterminant(BitBuffer bitbuffer, int n) throws Asn1EncodingException  {
+        try {
+            int position = bitbuffer.position();
+            if (n < 128) {
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 0, 127);
+                logger.debug(String.format("Length determinant %d, encoded as <%s>", n, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+                if (bitbuffer.position() - position != 8) {
+                    throw new AssertionError("length determinant encoded not as 8 bits");
+                }
+                return;
+            } else if (n < NUM_16K) {
+                bitbuffer.put(true);
+                bitbuffer.put(false);
+                encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, n, 0, NUM_16K - 1);
+                logger.debug(String.format("Length determinant %d, encoded as 2bits+14bits: <%s>", n,bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+                if (bitbuffer.position() - position != 16) {
+                    throw new AssertionError("length determinant encoded not as 16 bits");
+                }
+                return;
+            } else {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Length greater than 16K is not supported yet.");
+            }
+        } catch (Asn1EncodingException e) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(" length determinant ", e);
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    static long decodeLengthOfBitmask(BitBuffer bitbuffer) {
+        logger.debug("decoding length of bitmask");
+        boolean isGreaterThan63 = bitbuffer.get();
+        logger.debug(String.format("length determinant extension preamble size flag: preamble size > 63 is %s", isGreaterThan63));
+        if (!isGreaterThan63) {
+            Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(1, 63, false));
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length <= 63, decoded as %d", result));
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length > 63, decoding as ordinary length determinant..."));
+            return decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        }
+    }
+    
+    static long decodeSmallInt(BitBuffer bitbuffer) {
+        logger.debug("decoding small int");
+        boolean isGreaterThan63 = bitbuffer.get();
+        logger.debug(String.format("length determinant extension preamble size flag: preamble size > 63 is %s", isGreaterThan63));
+        if (!isGreaterThan63) {
+            Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(0, 63, false));
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length <= 63, decoded as %d", result));
+            return result;
+        } else {
+            logger.debug(String.format("normally small length of bitmask, length > 63, decoding as ordinary length determinant..."));
+            return decodeLengthDeterminant(bitbuffer);
+        }
+    }  
+
+    static long decodeLengthDeterminant(BitBuffer bitbuffer) {
+            boolean bit8 = bitbuffer.get();
+            if (!bit8) {  // then value is less than 128
+                Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(0, 127, false));
+                logger.debug(String.format("length determinant, decoded as %d", result));
+                return result;
+            } else {
+                boolean bit7 = bitbuffer.get();
+                if (!bit7) {  // then value is less than 16K
+                    Long result = decodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, newRange(0, NUM_16K - 1, false));
+                    logger.debug(String.format("length determinant, decoded as %d", result));
+                    return result;
+                } else {  // "Large" n
+                	logger.debug("lengthes longer than 16K are not supported yet.");
+                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("lengthes longer than 16K are not supported yet.");
+                }
+            }
+
+    }
+
+    static void encodeConstrainedInt(
+            final BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            final long value,
+            final long lowerBound,
+            final long upperBound) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        encodeConstrainedInt(bitbuffer, value, lowerBound, upperBound, false);
+    }
+
+    static void encodeConstrainedInt(
+            final BitBuffer bitbuffer,
+            final long value,
+            final long lowerBound,
+            final long upperBound,
+            final boolean hasExtensionMarker
+            ) throws Asn1EncodingException {
+        if (upperBound < lowerBound) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Lower bound "
+                + lowerBound + " is larger than upper bound " + upperBound);
+        }
+        if (!hasExtensionMarker && (value < lowerBound || value > upperBound)) {
+            throw new Asn1EncodingException(
+                " Value " + value + " is outside of fixed range " +
+                        lowerBound + ".." + upperBound);
+        }
+        final Long range = upperBound - lowerBound + 1;
+        final int position = bitbuffer.position();
+        if (hasExtensionMarker) {
+            boolean outsideOfRange = value < lowerBound || value > upperBound;
+            logger.debug(String.format("constrained int with extension marker, %s extension range",outsideOfRange ? "outside" : "within", outsideOfRange ? "1" : "0"));
+            bitbuffer.put(outsideOfRange);
+            if (outsideOfRange) {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
+                    "INT extensions are not supported yet");
+            }
+        }
+        if (range == 1) {
+            logger.debug("constrained int of empty range, resulting in empty encoding <>");
+            return;
+        }
+        final BigInteger big = BigInteger.valueOf(value - lowerBound);
+        final int numPaddingBits = BigInteger.valueOf(range - 1).bitLength() - big.bitLength();
+        for (int i = 0; i < numPaddingBits; i++) {
+            bitbuffer.put(false);
+        }
+        for (int i = big.bitLength() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+            bitbuffer.put(big.testBit(i));
+        }
+        logger.debug(String.format("constrained int %d encoded as <%s>", value, bitbuffer.toBooleanStringFromPosition(position)));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] bytesFromCollection(List<Boolean> bitlist) {
+        int sizeBytes = (bitlist.size() + 7) / 8;
+        byte[] result = new byte[sizeBytes];
+        int byteId = 0;
+        byte bitId = 7;
+        logger.debug(String.format("byte: < %s >", bitlist));
+        for (Boolean b : bitlist) {
+            //logger.debug(String.format("bitId: %s, byteId: %s, value: %s", bitId, byteId, b));
+            result[byteId] |= (b ? 1 : 0) << bitId;
+            bitId--;
+            if (bitId < 0) {
+                bitId = 7;
+                byteId++;
+            }
+        }
+        int nZeros = sizeBytes * 8 - bitlist.size();
+        String zeros = nZeros > 0 ? String.format("%0" + nZeros + "d", 0) : "";
+        logger.debug(String.format("Padding bits (%d): <%s>", nZeros, zeros));
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    final protected static char[] hexArray = "0123456789ABCDEF".toCharArray();
+
+    public static String hexStringFromBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+        char[] hexChars = new char[bytes.length * 2];
+        for (int j = 0; j < bytes.length; j++) {
+            int v = bytes[j] & 0xFF;
+            hexChars[j * 2] = hexArray[v >>> 4];
+            hexChars[j * 2 + 1] = hexArray[v & 0x0F];
+        }
+        return new String(hexChars);
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] bytesFromHexString(String s) {
+        int len = s.length();
+        byte[] data = new byte[len / 2];
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 2) {
+            data[i / 2] = (byte) ((Character.digit(s.charAt(i), 16) << 4)
+                    + Character.digit(s.charAt(i + 1), 16));
+        }
+        return data;
+    }
+
+    public static String binaryStringFromBytes(byte[] bytes) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(bytes.length * Byte.SIZE);
+        for (int i = 0; i < Byte.SIZE * bytes.length; i++)
+            sb.append((bytes[i / Byte.SIZE] << i % Byte.SIZE & 0x80) == 0 ? '0' : '1');
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] bytesFromBinaryString(String s) {
+        int len = s.length();
+        byte[] result = new byte[(len + Byte.SIZE - 1) / Byte.SIZE];
+        char c;
+        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
+            if ((c = s.charAt(i)) == '1') result[i / Byte.SIZE] = (byte) (result[i / Byte.SIZE] | (0x80 >>> (i % Byte.SIZE)));
+            else if (c != '0')
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    private static BitBuffer bitBufferFromBinaryString(String s) {
+        ByteBitBuffer result = ByteBitBuffer.allocate(s.length());
+        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
+            if (s.charAt(i) != '1' && s.charAt(i) != '0') {
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad character in 'binary' string " + s.charAt(i));
+            }
+            result.put(s.charAt(i) == '1');
+        }
+        result.flip();
+        return result;
+    }
+
+
+
+
+}