GIT(1) Git Manual GIT(1) NNAAMMEE git - the stupid content tracker SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS _g_i_t [--version] [--help] [-C ] [-c =] [--exec-path[=]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path] [-p|--paginate|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare] [--git-dir=] [--work-tree=] [--namespace=] [--super-prefix=] [] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals. See ggiittttuuttoorriiaall(7) to get started, then see ggiitteevveerryyddaayy(7) for a useful minimum set of commands. The GGiitt UUsseerr’’ss MMaannuuaall[1] has a more in-depth introduction. After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about individual Git commands with "git help command". ggiittccllii(7) manual page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax. A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation can be viewed at hhttttppss::////ggiitt..ggiitthhuubb..iioo//hhttmmllddooccss//ggiitt..hhttmmll. OOPPTTIIOONNSS --version Prints the Git suite version that the _g_i_t program came from. --help Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used commands. If the option ----aallll or --aa is given then all available commands are printed. If a Git command is named this option will bring up the manual page for that command. Other options are available to control how the manual page is displayed. See ggiitt--hheellpp(1) for more information, because ggiitt ----hheellpp ...... is converted internally into ggiitt hheellpp ....... -C Run as if git was started in _<_p_a_t_h_> instead of the current working directory. When multiple --CC options are given, each subsequent non-absolute --CC <> is interpreted relative to the preceding --CC <>. This option affects options that expect path name like ----ggiitt--ddiirr and ----wwoorrkk--ttrreeee in that their interpretations of the path names would be made relative to the working directory caused by the --CC option. For example the following invocations are equivalent: git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status -c = Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value given will override values from configuration files. The is expected in the same format as listed by _g_i_t _c_o_n_f_i_g (subkeys separated by dots). Note that omitting the == in ggiitt --cc ffoooo..bbaarr ...... is allowed and sets ffoooo..bbaarr to the boolean true value (just like [[ffoooo]]bbaarr would in a config file). Including the equals but with an empty value (like ggiitt --cc ffoooo..bbaarr== ......) sets ffoooo..bbaarr to the empty string which ggiitt ccoonnffiigg ----bbooooll will convert to ffaallssee. --exec-path[=] Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH environment variable. If no path is given, _g_i_t will print the current setting and then exit. --html-path Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git’s HTML documentation is installed and exit. --man-path Print the manpath (see mmaann((11))) for the man pages for this version of Git and exit. --info-path Print the path where the Info files documenting this version of Git are installed and exit. -p, --paginate Pipe all output into _l_e_s_s (or if set, $PAGER) if standard output is a terminal. This overrides the ppaaggeerr..<> configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism" section below). --no-pager Do not pipe Git output into a pager. --git-dir= Set the path to the repository. This can also be controlled by setting the GGIITT__DDIIRR environment variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to current working directory. --work-tree= Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path or a path relative to the current working directory. This can also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment variable and the core.worktree configuration variable (see core.worktree in ggiitt-- ccoonnffiigg(1) for a more detailed discussion). --namespace= Set the Git namespace. See ggiittnnaammeessppaacceess(7) for more details. Equivalent to setting the GGIITT__NNAAMMEESSPPAACCEE environment variable. --super-prefix= Currently for internal use only. Set a prefix which gives a path from above a repository down to its root. One use is to give submodules context about the superproject that invoked it. --bare Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR environment is not set, it is set to the current working directory. --no-replace-objects Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See ggiitt-- rreeppllaaccee(1) for more information. --literal-pathspecs Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec magic). This is equivalent to setting the GGIITT__LLIITTEERRAALL__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment variable to 11. --glob-pathspecs Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GGIITT__GGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment variable to 11. Disabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic ":(literal)" --noglob-pathspecs Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GGIITT__NNOOGGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment variable to 11. Enabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using pathspec magic ":(glob)" --icase-pathspecs Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to setting the GGIITT__IICCAASSEE__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS environment variable to 11. --no-optional-locks Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This is equivalent to setting the GGIITT__OOPPTTIIOONNAALL__LLOOCCKKSS to 00. GGIITT CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low level ("plumbing") commands. HHIIGGHH--LLEEVVEELL CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ((PPOORRCCEELLAAIINN)) We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and some ancillary user utilities. MMaaiinn ppoorrcceellaaiinn ccoommmmaannddss ggiitt--aadddd(1) Add file contents to the index. ggiitt--aamm(1) Apply a series of patches from a mailbox. ggiitt--aarrcchhiivvee(1) Create an archive of files from a named tree. ggiitt--bbiisseecctt(1) Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug. ggiitt--bbrraanncchh(1) List, create, or delete branches. ggiitt--bbuunnddllee(1) Move objects and refs by archive. ggiitt--cchheecckkoouutt(1) Switch branches or restore working tree files. ggiitt--cchheerrrryy--ppiicckk(1) Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits. ggiitt--cciittooooll(1) Graphical alternative to git-commit. ggiitt--cclleeaann(1) Remove untracked files from the working tree. ggiitt--cclloonnee(1) Clone a repository into a new directory. ggiitt--ccoommmmiitt(1) Record changes to the repository. ggiitt--ddeessccrriibbee(1) Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref. ggiitt--ddiiffff(1) Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc. ggiitt--ffeettcchh(1) Download objects and refs from another repository. ggiitt--ffoorrmmaatt--ppaattcchh(1) Prepare patches for e-mail submission. ggiitt--ggcc(1) Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository. ggiitt--ggrreepp(1) Print lines matching a pattern. ggiitt--gguuii(1) A portable graphical interface to Git. ggiitt--iinniitt(1) Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one. ggiitt--lloogg(1) Show commit logs. ggiitt--mmeerrggee(1) Join two or more development histories together. ggiitt--mmvv(1) Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink. ggiitt--nnootteess(1) Add or inspect object notes. ggiitt--ppuullll(1) Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch. ggiitt--ppuusshh(1) Update remote refs along with associated objects. ggiitt--rreebbaassee(1) Reapply commits on top of another base tip. ggiitt--rreesseett(1) Reset current HEAD to the specified state. ggiitt--rreevveerrtt(1) Revert some existing commits. ggiitt--rrmm(1) Remove files from the working tree and from the index. ggiitt--sshhoorrttlloogg(1) Summarize _g_i_t _l_o_g output. ggiitt--sshhooww(1) Show various types of objects. ggiitt--ssttaasshh(1) Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away. ggiitt--ssttaattuuss(1) Show the working tree status. ggiitt--ssuubbmmoodduullee(1) Initialize, update or inspect submodules. ggiitt--ttaagg(1) Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG. ggiitt--wwoorrkkttrreeee(1) Manage multiple working trees. ggiittkk(1) The Git repository browser. AAnncciillllaarryy CCoommmmaannddss Manipulators: ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1) Get and set repository or global options. ggiitt--ffaasstt--eexxppoorrtt(1) Git data exporter. ggiitt--ffaasstt--iimmppoorrtt(1) Backend for fast Git data importers. ggiitt--ffiilltteerr--bbrraanncchh(1) Rewrite branches. ggiitt--mmeerrggeettooooll(1) Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts. ggiitt--ppaacckk--rreeffss(1) Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access. ggiitt--pprruunnee(1) Prune all unreachable objects from the object database. ggiitt--rreefflloogg(1) Manage reflog information. ggiitt--rreemmoottee(1) Manage set of tracked repositories. ggiitt--rreeppaacckk(1) Pack unpacked objects in a repository. ggiitt--rreeppllaaccee(1) Create, list, delete refs to replace objects. Interrogators: ggiitt--aannnnoottaattee(1) Annotate file lines with commit information. ggiitt--bbllaammee(1) Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. ggiitt--cchheerrrryy(1) Find commits yet to be applied to upstream. ggiitt--ccoouunntt--oobbjjeeccttss(1) Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption. ggiitt--ddiiffffttooooll(1) Show changes using common diff tools. ggiitt--ffsscckk(1) Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database. ggiitt--ggeett--ttaarr--ccoommmmiitt--iidd(1) Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive. ggiitt--hheellpp(1) Display help information about Git. ggiitt--iinnssttaawweebb(1) Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb. ggiitt--mmeerrggee--ttrreeee(1) Show three-way merge without touching index. ggiitt--rreerreerree(1) Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges. ggiitt--rreevv--ppaarrssee(1) Pick out and massage parameters. ggiitt--sshhooww--bbrraanncchh(1) Show branches and their commits. ggiitt--vveerriiffyy--ccoommmmiitt(1) Check the GPG signature of commits. ggiitt--vveerriiffyy--ttaagg(1) Check the GPG signature of tags. ggiitt--wwhhaattcchhaannggeedd(1) Show logs with difference each commit introduces. ggiittwweebb(1) Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories). IInntteerraaccttiinngg wwiitthh OOtthheerrss These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other people via patch over e-mail. ggiitt--aarrcchhiimmppoorrtt(1) Import an Arch repository into Git. ggiitt--ccvvsseexxppoorrttccoommmmiitt(1) Export a single commit to a CVS checkout. ggiitt--ccvvssiimmppoorrtt(1) Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate. ggiitt--ccvvsssseerrvveerr(1) A CVS server emulator for Git. ggiitt--iimmaapp--sseenndd(1) Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder. ggiitt--pp44(1) Import from and submit to Perforce repositories. ggiitt--qquuiillttiimmppoorrtt(1) Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch. ggiitt--rreeqquueesstt--ppuullll(1) Generates a summary of pending changes. ggiitt--sseenndd--eemmaaiill(1) Send a collection of patches as emails. ggiitt--ssvvnn(1) Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git. LLOOWW--LLEEVVEELL CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ((PPLLUUMMBBIINNGG)) Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level commands are sufficient to support development of alternative porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might start by reading about ggiitt--uuppddaattee-- iinnddeexx(1) and ggiitt--rreeaadd--ttrreeee(1). The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics) to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the end user experience. The following description divides the low-level commands into commands that manipulate objects (in the repository, index, and working tree), commands that interrogate and compare objects, and commands that move objects and references between repositories. MMaanniippuullaattiioonn ccoommmmaannddss ggiitt--aappppllyy(1) Apply a patch to files and/or to the index. ggiitt--cchheecckkoouutt--iinnddeexx(1) Copy files from the index to the working tree. ggiitt--ccoommmmiitt--ttrreeee(1) Create a new commit object. ggiitt--hhaasshh--oobbjjeecctt(1) Compute object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file. ggiitt--iinnddeexx--ppaacckk(1) Build pack index file for an existing packed archive. ggiitt--mmeerrggee--ffiillee(1) Run a three-way file merge. ggiitt--mmeerrggee--iinnddeexx(1) Run a merge for files needing merging. ggiitt--mmkkttaagg(1) Creates a tag object. ggiitt--mmkkttrreeee(1) Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text. ggiitt--ppaacckk--oobbjjeeccttss(1) Create a packed archive of objects. ggiitt--pprruunnee--ppaacckkeedd(1) Remove extra objects that are already in pack files. ggiitt--rreeaadd--ttrreeee(1) Reads tree information into the index. ggiitt--ssyymmbboolliicc--rreeff(1) Read, modify and delete symbolic refs. ggiitt--uunnppaacckk--oobbjjeeccttss(1) Unpack objects from a packed archive. ggiitt--uuppddaattee--iinnddeexx(1) Register file contents in the working tree to the index. ggiitt--uuppddaattee--rreeff(1) Update the object name stored in a ref safely. ggiitt--wwrriittee--ttrreeee(1) Create a tree object from the current index. IInntteerrrrooggaattiioonn ccoommmmaannddss ggiitt--ccaatt--ffiillee(1) Provide content or type and size information for repository objects. ggiitt--ddiiffff--ffiilleess(1) Compares files in the working tree and the index. ggiitt--ddiiffff--iinnddeexx(1) Compare a tree to the working tree or index. ggiitt--ddiiffff--ttrreeee(1) Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects. ggiitt--ffoorr--eeaacchh--rreeff(1) Output information on each ref. ggiitt--llss--ffiilleess(1) Show information about files in the index and the working tree. ggiitt--llss--rreemmoottee(1) List references in a remote repository. ggiitt--llss--ttrreeee(1) List the contents of a tree object. ggiitt--mmeerrggee--bbaassee(1) Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge. ggiitt--nnaammee--rreevv(1) Find symbolic names for given revs. ggiitt--ppaacckk--rreedduunnddaanntt(1) Find redundant pack files. ggiitt--rreevv--lliisstt(1) Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order. ggiitt--sshhooww--iinnddeexx(1) Show packed archive index. ggiitt--sshhooww--rreeff(1) List references in a local repository. ggiitt--uunnppaacckk--ffiillee(1) Creates a temporary file with a blob’s contents. ggiitt--vvaarr(1) Show a Git logical variable. ggiitt--vveerriiffyy--ppaacckk(1) Validate packed Git archive files. In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in the working tree. SSyynncchhiinngg rreeppoossiittoorriieess ggiitt--ddaaeemmoonn(1) A really simple server for Git repositories. ggiitt--ffeettcchh--ppaacckk(1) Receive missing objects from another repository. ggiitt--hhttttpp--bbaacckkeenndd(1) Server side implementation of Git over HTTP. ggiitt--sseenndd--ppaacckk(1) Push objects over Git protocol to another repository. ggiitt--uuppddaattee--sseerrvveerr--iinnffoo(1) Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers. The following are helper commands used by the above; end users typically do not use them directly. ggiitt--hhttttpp--ffeettcchh(1) Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP. ggiitt--hhttttpp--ppuusshh(1) Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository. ggiitt--ppaarrssee--rreemmoottee(1) Routines to help parsing remote repository access parameters. ggiitt--rreecceeiivvee--ppaacckk(1) Receive what is pushed into the repository. ggiitt--sshheellll(1) Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access. ggiitt--uuppllooaadd--aarrcchhiivvee(1) Send archive back to git-archive. ggiitt--uuppllooaadd--ppaacckk(1) Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack. IInntteerrnnaall hheellppeerr ccoommmmaannddss These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end users typically do not use them directly. ggiitt--cchheecckk--aattttrr(1) Display gitattributes information. ggiitt--cchheecckk--iiggnnoorree(1) Debug gitignore / exclude files. ggiitt--cchheecckk--mmaaiillmmaapp(1) Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts. ggiitt--cchheecckk--rreeff--ffoorrmmaatt(1) Ensures that a reference name is well formed. ggiitt--ccoolluummnn(1) Display data in columns. ggiitt--ccrreeddeennttiiaall(1) Retrieve and store user credentials. ggiitt--ccrreeddeennttiiaall--ccaacchhee(1) Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory. ggiitt--ccrreeddeennttiiaall--ssttoorree(1) Helper to store credentials on disk. ggiitt--ffmmtt--mmeerrggee--mmssgg(1) Produce a merge commit message. ggiitt--iinntteerrpprreett--ttrraaiilleerrss(1) add or parse structured information in commit messages. ggiitt--mmaaiilliinnffoo(1) Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message. ggiitt--mmaaiillsspplliitt(1) Simple UNIX mbox splitter program. ggiitt--mmeerrggee--oonnee--ffiillee(1) The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index. ggiitt--ppaattcchh--iidd(1) Compute unique ID for a patch. ggiitt--sshh--ii1188nn(1) Git’s i18n setup code for shell scripts. ggiitt--sshh--sseettuupp(1) Common Git shell script setup code. ggiitt--ssttrriippssppaaccee(1) Remove unnecessary whitespace. CCOONNFFIIGGUURRAATTIIOONN MMEECCHHAANNIISSMM Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are per repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may look like this: # # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment. # ; core variables [core] ; Don't trust file modes filemode = false ; user identity [user] name = "Junio C Hamano" email = "gitster@pobox.com" Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their operation accordingly. See ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1) for a list and more details about the configuration mechanism. IIDDEENNTTIIFFIIEERR TTEERRMMIINNOOLLOOGGYY Indicates the object name for any type of object. Indicates a blob object name. Indicates a tree object name. Indicates a commit object name. Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that takes a argument ultimately wants to operate on a object but automatically dereferences and objects that point at a . Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a argument ultimately wants to operate on a object but automatically dereferences objects that point at a . Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of: bblloobb, ttrreeee, ccoommmmiitt, or ttaagg. Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of the tree structure GGIITT__IINNDDEEXX__FFIILLEE describes. SSYYMMBBOOLLIICC IIDDEENNTTIIFFIIEERRSS Any Git command accepting any can also use the following symbolic notation: HEAD indicates the head of the current branch. a valid tag _n_a_m_e (i.e. a rreeffss//ttaaggss//<> reference). a valid head _n_a_m_e (i.e. a rreeffss//hheeaaddss//<> reference). For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in ggiittrreevviissiioonnss(7). FFIILLEE//DDIIRREECCTTOORRYY SSTTRRUUCCTTUURREE Please see the ggiittrreeppoossiittoorryy--llaayyoouutt(5) document. Read ggiitthhooookkss(5) for more details about each hook. Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the $$GGIITT__DDIIRR. TTEERRMMIINNOOLLOOGGYY Please see ggiittgglloossssaarryy(7). EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS Various Git commands use the following environment variables: TThhee GGiitt RReeppoossiittoorryy These environment variables apply to _a_l_l core Git commands. Nb: it is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above Git so take care if using a foreign front-end. GGIITT__IINNDDEEXX__FFIILLEE This environment allows the specification of an alternate index file. If not specified, the default of $$GGIITT__DDIIRR//iinnddeexx is used. GGIITT__IINNDDEEXX__VVEERRSSIIOONN This environment variable allows the specification of an index version for new repositories. It won’t affect existing index files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is used. See ggiitt--uuppddaattee-- iinnddeexx(1) for more information. GGIITT__OOBBJJEECCTT__DDIIRREECCTTOORRYY If the object storage directory is specified via this environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath - otherwise the default $$GGIITT__DDIIRR//oobbjjeeccttss directory is used. GGIITT__AALLTTEERRNNAATTEE__OOBBJJEECCTT__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can be archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list of Git object directories which can be used to search for Git objects. New objects will not be written to these directories. Entries that begin with `"` (double-quote) will be interpreted as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the value `"path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path` has two paths: `path-with-"-and-:-in-it` and `vanilla-path`. GGIITT__DDIIRR If the GGIITT__DDIIRR environment variable is set then it specifies a path to use instead of the default ..ggiitt for the base of the repository. The ----ggiitt--ddiirr command-line option also sets this value. GGIITT__WWOORRKK__TTRREEEE Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can also be controlled by the ----wwoorrkk--ttrreeee command-line option and the core.worktree configuration variable. GGIITT__NNAAMMEESSPPAACCEE Set the Git namespace; see ggiittnnaammeessppaacceess(7) for details. The ----nnaammeessppaaccee command-line option also sets this value. GGIITT__CCEEIILLIINNGG__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up into while looking for a repository directory (useful for excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that might be present in order to compare them with the current directory. However, if even this access is slow, you can add an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the subsequent entries are not symlinks and needn’t be resolved; e.g., GGIITT__CCEEIILLIINNGG__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS==//mmaayybbee//ssyymmlliinnkk:::://vveerryy//ssllooww//nnoonn//ssyymmlliinnkk. GGIITT__DDIISSCCOOVVEERRYY__AACCRROOSSSS__FFIILLEESSYYSSTTEEMM When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent directories to find the top of the working tree, but by default it does not cross filesystem boundaries. This environment variable can be set to true to tell Git not to stop at filesystem boundaries. Like GGIITT__CCEEIILLIINNGG__DDIIRREECCTTOORRIIEESS, this will not affect an explicit repository directory set via GGIITT__DDIIRR or on the command line. GGIITT__CCOOMMMMOONN__DDIIRR If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that are normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are taken from $GIT_DIR. See ggiittrreeppoossiittoorryy--llaayyoouutt(5) and ggiitt--wwoorrkkttrreeee(1) for details. This variable has lower precedence than other path variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE, GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY... GGiitt CCoommmmiittss GGIITT__AAUUTTHHOORR__NNAAMMEE, GGIITT__AAUUTTHHOORR__EEMMAAIILL, GGIITT__AAUUTTHHOORR__DDAATTEE, GGIITT__CCOOMMMMIITTTTEERR__NNAAMMEE, GGIITT__CCOOMMMMIITTTTEERR__EEMMAAIILL, GGIITT__CCOOMMMMIITTTTEERR__DDAATTEE, _E_M_A_I_L see ggiitt--ccoommmmiitt--ttrreeee(1) GGiitt DDiiffffss GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__OOPPTTSS Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created. This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option value passed on the Git diff command line. GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF When the environment variable GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is set, the program named by it is called, instead of the diff invocation described above. For a path that is added, removed, or modified, GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is called with 7 parameters: path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode where: -file are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of , -hex are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes, -mode are the octal representation of the file modes. The file parameters can point at the user’s working file (e.g. nneeww--ffiillee in "git-diff-files"), //ddeevv//nnuullll (e.g. oolldd--ffiillee when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g. oolldd--ffiillee in the index). GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF should not worry about unlinking the temporary file --- it is removed when GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF exits. For a path that is unmerged, GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is called with 1 parameter, . For each path GGIITT__EEXXTTEERRNNAALL__DDIIFFFF is called, two environment variables, GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__CCOOUUNNTTEERR and GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__TTOOTTAALL are set. GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__CCOOUUNNTTEERR A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path. GGIITT__DDIIFFFF__PPAATTHH__TTOOTTAALL The total number of paths. ootthheerr GGIITT__MMEERRGGEE__VVEERRBBOOSSIITTYY A number controlling the amount of output shown by the recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See ggiitt--mmeerrggee(1) GGIITT__PPAAGGEERR This environment variable overrides $$PPAAGGEERR. If it is set to an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch a pager. See also the ccoorree..ppaaggeerr option in ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1). GGIITT__EEDDIITTOORR This environment variable overrides $$EEDDIITTOORR and $$VVIISSUUAALL. It is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, an editor is to be launched. See also ggiitt--vvaarr(1) and the ccoorree..eeddiittoorr option in ggiitt-- ccoonnffiigg(1). GGIITT__SSSSHH, GGIITT__SSSSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD If either of these environment variables is set then _g_i_t _f_e_t_c_h and _g_i_t _p_u_s_h will use the specified command instead of _s_s_h when they need to connect to a remote system. The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are determined by the ssh variant. See sssshh..vvaarriiaanntt option in ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1) for details. + $$GGIITT__SSSSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD takes precedence over $$GGIITT__SSSSHH, and is interpreted by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included. $$GGIITT__SSSSHH on the other hand must be just the path to a program (which can be a wrapper shell script, if additional arguments are needed). + Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through your personal ..sssshh//ccoonnffiigg file. Please consult your ssh documentation for further details. GGIITT__SSSSHH__VVAARRIIAANNTT If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git’s autodetection whether GGIITT__SSSSHH/GGIITT__SSSSHH__CCOOMMMMAANNDD/ccoorree..sssshhCCoommmmaanndd refer to OpenSSH, plink or tortoiseplink. This variable overrides the config setting sssshh..vvaarriiaanntt that serves the same purpose. GGIITT__AASSKKPPAASSSS If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which need to acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or IMAP authentication) will call this program with a suitable prompt as command-line argument and read the password from its STDOUT. See also the ccoorree..aasskkPPaassss option in ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1). GGIITT__TTEERRMMIINNAALL__PPRROOMMPPTT If this environment variable is set to 00, git will not prompt on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP authentication). GGIITT__CCOONNFFIIGG__NNOOSSYYSSTTEEMM Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide $$((pprreeffiixx))//eettcc//ggiittccoonnffiigg file. This environment variable can be used along with $$HHOOMMEE and $$XXDDGG__CCOONNFFIIGG__HHOOMMEE to create a predictable environment for a picky script, or you can set it temporarily to avoid using a buggy //eettcc//ggiittccoonnffiigg file while waiting for someone with sufficient permissions to fix it. GGIITT__FFLLUUSSHH If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands such as _g_i_t _b_l_a_m_e (in incremental mode), _g_i_t _r_e_v_-_l_i_s_t, _g_i_t _l_o_g, _g_i_t _c_h_e_c_k_-_a_t_t_r and _g_i_t _c_h_e_c_k_-_i_g_n_o_r_e will force a flush of the output stream after each record have been flushed. If this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this environment variable is not set, Git will choose buffered or record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout appears to be redirected to a file or not. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion, built-in command execution and external command execution. If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr. If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value as an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace messages into this file descriptor. Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path (starting with a _/ character), Git will interpret this as a file path and will try to write the trace messages into it. Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__FFSSMMOONNIITTOORR Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKK__AACCCCEESSSS Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For each access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some pack-related performance problems. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKEETT Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a given program. This can help with debugging object negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off at a packet starting with "PACK" (but see GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKFFIILLEE below). See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKFFIILLEE Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a given program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is verbatim: no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost certainly want to direct into a file (e.g., GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPAACCKKFFIILLEE==//ttmmpp//mmyy..ppaacckk) rather than displaying it on the terminal or mixing it with other trace output. Note that this is currently only implemented for the client side of clones and fetches. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__PPEERRFFOORRMMAANNCCEE Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total execution time of each Git command. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__SSEETTUUPP Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and current working directory after Git has completed its setup phase. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__SSHHAALLLLOOWW Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching / cloning of shallow repositories. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__CCUURRLL Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing data, including descriptive information, of the git transport protocol. This is similar to doing curl ----ttrraaccee--aasscciiii on the command line. This option overrides setting the GGIITT__CCUURRLL__VVEERRBBOOSSEE environment variable. See GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE for available trace output options. GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__CCUURRLL__NNOO__DDAATTAA When a curl trace is enabled (see GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__CCUURRLL above), do not dump data (that is, only dump info lines and headers). GGIITT__RREEDDAACCTT__CCOOOOKKIIEESS This can be set to a comma-separated list of strings. When a curl trace is enabled (see GGIITT__TTRRAACCEE__CCUURRLL above), whenever a "Cookies:" header sent by the client is dumped, values of cookies whose key is in that list (case-sensitive) are redacted. GGIITT__LLIITTEERRAALL__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs literally, rather than as glob patterns. For example, running GGIITT__LLIITTEERRAALL__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS==11 ggiitt lloogg ---- ''**..cc'' will search for commits that touch the path **..cc, not any paths that the glob **..cc matches. You might want this if you are feeding literal paths to Git (e.g., paths previously given to you by ggiitt llss--ttrreeee, ----rraaww diff output, etc). GGIITT__GGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob" magic). GGIITT__NNOOGGLLOOBB__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic). GGIITT__IICCAASSEE__PPAATTHHSSPPEECCSS Setting this variable to 11 will cause Git to treat all pathspecs as case-insensitive. GGIITT__RREEFFLLOOGG__AACCTTIIOONN When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is typically the name of the high-level command that updated the ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref. A scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action helper function in ggiitt--sshh--sseettuupp to set its name to this variable when it is invoked as the top level command by the end user, to be recorded in the body of the reflog. GGIITT__RREEFF__PPAARRAANNOOIIAA If set to 11, include broken or badly named refs when iterating over lists of refs. In a normal, non-corrupted repository, this does nothing. However, enabling it may help git to detect and abort some operations in the presence of broken refs. Git sets this variable automatically when performing destructive operations like ggiitt-- pprruunnee(1). You should not need to set it yourself unless you want to be paranoid about making sure an operation has touched every ref (e.g., because you are cloning a repository to make a backup). GGIITT__AALLLLOOWW__PPRROOTTOOCCOOLL If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if pprroottooccooll..aallllooww is set to nneevveerr, and each of the listed protocols has pprroottooccooll..<>..aallllooww set to aallwwaayyss (overriding any existing configuration). In other words, any protocol not mentioned will be disallowed (i.e., this is a whitelist, not a blacklist). See the description of pprroottooccooll..aallllooww in ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1) for more details. GGIITT__PPRROOTTOOCCOOLL__FFRROOMM__UUSSEERR Set to 0 to prevent protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are configured to the uusseerr state. This is useful to restrict recursive submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for programs which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git commands. See ggiitt--ccoonnffiigg(1) for more details. GGIITT__PPRROOTTOOCCOOLL For internal use only. Used in handshaking the wire protocol. Contains a colon _: separated list of keys with optional values _k_e_y_[_=_v_a_l_u_e_]. Presence of unknown keys and values must be ignored. GGIITT__OOPPTTIIOONNAALL__LLOOCCKKSS If set to 00, Git will complete any requested operation without performing any optional sub-operations that require taking a lock. For example, this will prevent ggiitt ssttaattuuss from refreshing the index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running in the background which do not want to cause lock contention with other operations on the repository. Defaults to 11. GGIITT__RREEDDIIRREECCTT__SSTTDDIINN, GGIITT__RREEDDIIRREECCTT__SSTTDDOOUUTT, GGIITT__RREEDDIIRREECCTT__SSTTDDEERRRR Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard input/output/error handles to paths specified by the environment variables. This is particularly useful in multi-threaded applications where the canonical way to pass standard handles via CCrreeaatteePPrroocceessss(()) is not an option because it would require the handles to be marked inheritable (and consequently eevveerryy spawned process would inherit them, possibly blocking regular Git operations). The primary intended use case is to use named pipes for communication (e.g. \\\\..\\ppiippee\\mmyy--ggiitt--ssttddiinn--112233). Two special values are supported: ooffff will simply close the corresponding standard handle, and if GGIITT__RREEDDIIRREECCTT__SSTTDDEERRRR is 22>>&&11, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as standard output. GGIITT__PPRRIINNTT__SSHHAA11__EELLLLIIPPSSIISS (deprecated) If set to yyeess, print an ellipsis following an (abbreviated) SHA-1 value. This affects indications of detached HEADs (ggiitt--cchheecckkoouutt(1)) and the raw diff output (ggiitt--ddiiffff(1)). Printing an ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer considered adequate and support for it is likely to be removed in the foreseeable future (along with the variable). DDIISSCCUUSSSSIIOONN More detail on the following is available from the GGiitt ccoonncceeppttss cchhaapptteerr ooff tthhee uusseerr--mmaannuuaall[2] and ggiittccoorree--ttuuttoorriiaall(7). A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a ".git" subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory contains, among other things, a compressed object database representing the complete history of the project, an "index" file which links that history to the current contents of the working tree, and named pointers into that history such as tags and branch heads. The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs, which hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees to build up directory hierarchies; and commits, which each reference a single tree and some number of parent commits. The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset" or "version", represents a step in the project’s history, and each parent represents an immediately preceding step. Commits with more than one parent represent merges of independent lines of development. All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents, normally written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are globally unique. The entire history leading up to a commit can be vouched for by signing just that commit. A fourth object type, the tag, is provided for this purpose. When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but for efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack files". Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A ref may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of another ref. Refs with names beginning rreeff//hheeaadd// contain the SHA-1 name of the most recent commit (or "head") of a branch under development. SHA-1 names of tags of interest are stored under rreeff//ttaaggss//. A special ref named HHEEAADD contains the name of the currently checked-out branch. The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for each path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object represents the contents of the file as of the head of the current branch. The attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken from the corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent changes to the working tree can be found by comparing these attributes. The index may be updated with new content, and new commits may be created from the content stored in the index. The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called "stages") for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the various unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress. FFUURRTTHHEERR DDOOCCUUMMEENNTTAATTIIOONN See the references in the "description" section to get started using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary for a first-time user. The GGiitt ccoonncceeppttss cchhaapptteerr ooff tthhee uusseerr--mmaannuuaall[2] and ggiittccoorree--ttuuttoorriiaall(7) both provide introductions to the underlying Git architecture. See ggiittwwoorrkkfflloowwss(7) for an overview of recommended workflows. See also the hhoowwttoo[3] documents for some useful examples. The internals are documented in the GGiitt AAPPII ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn[4]. Users migrating from CVS may also want to read ggiittccvvss--mmiiggrraattiioonn(7). AAUUTTHHOORRSS Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list . hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ooppeennhhuubb..nneett//pp//ggiitt//ccoonnttrriibbuuttoorrss//ssuummmmaarryy gives you a more complete list of contributors. If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of ggiitt--sshhoorrttlloogg(1) and ggiitt--bbllaammee(1) can show you the authors for specific parts of the project. RREEPPOORRTTIINNGG BBUUGGSS Report bugs to the Git mailing list where the development and maintenance is primarily done. You do not have to be subscribed to the list to send a message there. Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to the Git Security mailing list . SSEEEE AALLSSOO ggiittttuuttoorriiaall(7), ggiittttuuttoorriiaall--22(7), ggiitteevveerryyddaayy(7), ggiittccvvss--mmiiggrraattiioonn(7), ggiittgglloossssaarryy(7), ggiittccoorree--ttuuttoorriiaall(7), ggiittccllii(7), TThhee GGiitt UUsseerr’’ss MMaannuuaall[1], ggiittwwoorrkkfflloowwss(7) GGIITT Part of the ggiitt(1) suite NNOOTTEESS 1. Git User’s Manual file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/user-manual.html 2. Git concepts chapter of the user-manual file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/user-manual.html#git-concepts 3. howto file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/howto-index.html 4. Git API documentation file:///usr/share/doc/git/html/technical/api-index.html 5. git@vger.kernel.org mailto:git@vger.kernel.org 6. git-security@googlegroups.com mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com Git 2.17.1 04/20/2020 GIT(1)